The Role of Human Resource in the Success of an Organization Essay

The Role of Human Resource in the Success of an Organization - Essay Example They were treated with less concern and still the focus of human resource were on improving the methodologies of production by focusing on skills of workers and how they will be able to accomplish their tasks in relation to their job. Other factors that affects effectiveness of worker i.e. interest and career growth, were of less consequence as measure of organizational effectiveness. As more studies were conducted to determine secrets of effective management, more theories and findings were identified and more books were written that give precedence to the significance of behavioral factors in the success of managing organizations or developing teams to accomplish organizational objectives. Total Quality Management, for one covers several aspects of management. It applies to the quality of the strategic thinking exhibited by executives, the quality of the firm’s ethics or company beliefs, the quality of training, the quality of technology management, and to the quality of communications2. It encompasses everything. If you’ll look at it, it significantly stresses higher concern on the human resource factor and it is way beyond the original concept of how industry looks at the role of HR to the effective management. Now, HR is an integral part of management and plays significant part in the success of the organization. They became a partner of the management team and perform more than personnel management or office records management. HR became not only as a mother figure in a commercial company, who talks and handles grievances of employees but also, they play a role in decision-making, policy development and implementation of the company’s aspirations and beliefs.

Exam Study Guide Essay Example for Free

Exam Study Guide Essay Attitude is determined by beliefs on performance of the attribute and importance of that attribute To change their attitude on a brand/competing brand change their belief on attribute and their perception of the value of that attribute and add a new attribute to the mix. Classical Conditioning vs. Operant Conditioning vs. Psychoanalytic Research Classical Conditioning (Association) using an unconditioned stimulus to generate an unconditioned response which eventually becomes a conditioned response to a conditioned stimulus Pavlov’s Dog Operant Conditioning (Instrumental) behavior is followed by a positive or negative consequence which determines probability of behavior reoccurring Use positive reinforcement to encourage behavior Psychoanalytic Research (Freud) motivation to purchase is determined deep in subconscious mind Need qualitative research- in depth interviews, focus groups, etc. Source Attributes Power Ability to reward or punish recipient through their perception of source’s power based on recipients perceived control/scrunity/concern of the source over them Can induce to respond to their position Credibility Expertise (experience,skill) trustworthiness (honest) Attractiveness Similarity btwn source and recipient Familiarity through repeat exposure Likeability through affection for source caused by looks/behavior/traits Elaboration Likelihood Model Ways consumers change/form attitudes in response to persuasive messages Routes to attitude change Central highly motivated/able to process message, pays close attention Peripheral less motivated/able to process message, pays attention to peripheral cues not message Ex. An attractive endorser Meaning Transfer Model Celebrity effectiveness as endorser dependent on meaning culture has associated with them and how they are brought into the endorsement process Ex. Status, class, age Stage 1: Culture Objects/persons/context popular to culture transferred into meaning associated with popular celebrity Stage 2: Endorsement Cultural meaning of celebrity Celebrity transferred onto Product Stage 3: Consumption Product is consumed by consumer transfer meaning of product onto consumer Consumer Decision Rules Simplified Heuristics rule of thumb used to make quick decision Affect Referral Decision Rule overall impression instead of detailed comparison Non- Compensatory short cut to making a choice, a product with low standing on one attribute can’t compensate by being better on another attribute and is eliminated Compensatory allow product to make up for lack on one attribute by being better at another Response Hierarchies Traditional Hierarchy of Effects Alternative Response Hierarchy FCB Planning Model Traditional Hierarchy of Effects Model Stage 1: Cognitive Stage (Learn) Awareness Knowledge Stage 2: Affective Stage (Feel) Liking Preference Conviction Stage 3: Behavioral Stage (Do) Purchase Alternative Response Hierarchies Based on level of involvement in purchase and perceived level of differences in alternatives Learning Model High involvement, high differentiation- learn then develop attitudes then behave based on Cognitive (learn) Affective (feel) Conative (do, action) Dissonance/Attribution Model High involvement, low differentiation- behave first then develop attitudes then learn/process the behavior Conative(do) Affective (feel) Cognitive (learn) Low Involvement Model Low involvement, both high and low differentiation- learn first, then behave, then develop attitude Cognitive (learn) Conative (do) Affective (feel)

Dealing with Transformation in The Metamorphosis Essay -- Papers

Dealing with Transformation in The Metamorphosis In The Metamorphosis Gregor Samsa is forced to deal with his transformation from a human being into an insect. After his transformation Gregor is no longer able to do everyday ordinary things. He now has to depend on someone to do these things for him. His younger sister, Grete, makes herself responsible for Gregor. She takes it upon herself to make sure that Gregor is fed and his room is cleaned. This leads to the question; why does she place such a huge responsibility on herself? An optimist like Gregor who only sees the good side of people would say it is because she is a loving and caring person. That her brother’s current condition makes her feel sorry for him and she wants to help him in any way possible. However a pessimist would see an ulterior motive to his sisters’ actions. Since the narrator of the story is Gregor the reader is introduced to Grete through the optimist’s point of view. Gregor portrays Grete as a nurturing and caring person who se actions are solely based on what is best for Gregor. However, what if the narrator was not Gregor but a neutral person who had no prior relationship to Grete? Would Grete’s motives for helping Gregor appear to be purely unselfish? There are many points in the story that the reader is left with the feeling that Grete might have ulterior motives. If the narrator were an impartial character Grete’s intentions would not appear to be so pure. Grete’s motives from the beginning of the story are questionable. Why does she make herself responsible for Gregor? Gregor believes that she â€Å"had perhaps taken on so difficult a task merely out of childish thoughtlessness† (100). However there is another .. ...ghout the novel. Gregor throughout the book constantly misreads his sister’s actions and misinterprets her motives. Since the story is told through Gregor’s point of view we perceive Grete through most of the novel as someone who is unselfish and helpful. However at the end we find ourselves wondering if Grete’s intentions are really as pure as Gregor thinks. Did Grete plan from the beginning to get rid of Gregor? The truth is once Gregor was out of the picture Grete became the needed and helpful child. Grete had a lot to gain and nothing to lose by getting rid of Gregor. Gregor is not impartial when it comes to his sister and he is unable to perceive her bad intentions because he thinks so highly of her. Therefore it can be said that if the narrator of the story was a detached character Grete would not appear to be so harmless and innocent.

Cross-cultural Communication Essay

Language is playing nowadays one of the most important roles in cross-cultural communication, because it is a door into new culture and traditions. Cross-cultural communication arouses great interest compared with that of several decades ago. It means that the future success of a person mainly depends on his ability to use language and to communicate effectively across cultural boundaries. Nevertheless learning other languages doesn’t limit cross-cultural communication, language firstly suggests how cultural traditions and patterns are understood and how cultural values may affect the process of communication. (Managing Communication) Learning other languages is nowadays necessity, not only an option. Lots of spheres are influenced by cross-cultural communication involving, for example, health care providers, businesses, educational institutions, social service agencies and non-governmental organizations. Modern world recognizes and appreciates the role of language that is played in developing communication beyond cultural boundaries. Studying of language will help to achieve goals outside the native country. (Managing Communication) Understanding how to communicate cross-culturally will help to promote creating smoothly working project teams; responding to customers, clients, and markets; living and working in a culturally diverse world. Language is necessary in realizing that a person from other culture expresses his ideas and thoughts in completely different way. It is mentioned that â€Å"developing an awareness of why hearing words alone is not sufficient to discern meaning†. Language is important as well as learning of cultural customs and traditions of the country. In a modern swiftly changing world people and cultures are circulating and interacting as at a really dizzying speed. Those people who know how to use language and how to communicate effectively across cultures have a crucial advantage over others. (Managing Communication) Language in cross-cultural communication is aimed at preserving the traditions of ancient cultures as well as existing ones. For example, it is necessary to mention the kabary dialect based on â€Å"unhurried telling of ancestral proverbs, metaphors, and riddles, frequently in a dialogue using call and response†. Kabary is a form of traditional Malagasy oratory and it is seen that oral language may be the only way for some populations to preserve their cultural traditions. In this case language represents different manners of speech and increases literacy rate. Kabary is an important element in communication during ritual events. However, it is still used in regular, day-to-day talk. Although kabary is spoken solely in the Malagasy language, learning their language will help to understand their culture better and to break misunderstandings and misinterpretations of the cultural customs. (Harman 2002) Nevertheless there are also negative moments connected with language and cross-cultural communication. Although developing of international slang may make the process of cross-cultural communication easier, many countries prefer to stomp out foreign slang considering it â€Å"steals† originality of the native language. For example, Russian government thinks that introducing of international slang, especially English words, may result in serious corrupting their native language. However, the language in communication makes people understand better and introducing of international words may be considered a right action. The negative moment is that very often such international elements can replace native words or even may have no equivalents. For example, lexical interlopers are something new to Russian language: democratic politics, business, banking, holding, etc. and such words as broker, sponsor, chizburger, fax have no equal equivalents in Russian language. (Weir 2002) Language has to be preserved as it is the embodiment of human vision and language varieties are able to provide unparalleled insights into the process of cross-cultural communication. Language is human experience and perception exposed to be the main tool across cultures. (Thucus-Dubrow 2002) References Managing Communications. (1996, August). Peace Watch, 2, 5, 1-2. Thucus-Dubrow, Rebecca. (2002, April 25). World’s Languages Are Fast Disappearing. Retrieved September, 22, from http://www. globalpolicy. org/globaliz/cultural/2002/0425fast. htm Harman, Danna. (2002, May 9). In Kabary the Point is to Avoid the Point. Retrieved September, 22, from http://www. csmonitor. com/2002/0509/p01s04-woaf. html Weir, Fred. (2002, June 4). Russian Lawmakers Try to Stomp out Foreign Slang. Retrieved September, 22, from http://www. csmonitor. com/2002/0604/p14s01-lepr. html

How Businesses in Puerto Rico Are Using Social Networks Essay

Social Media Gives Industrial Companies Competitive Advantage, Says Thomas Industrial Network Report March 29, 2012 New York, NY Industrial companies that hesitate to embrace social media, believing that competitors are not using these platforms, are in danger of losing business opportunities, according to recent research from Thomas Industrial Network. In fact, seven out of 10 small and midsize suppliers (68 percent) are already engaging with prospects through these channels, gaining a competitive advantage over those who have yet to start. More than 3,000 respondents to Thomas surveys say that they routinely use social media to market their products and services, generate leads, answer questions, conduct research, and gain new business. Thomas studied the behaviors of suppliers (i.e., manufacturers and distributors) through its Industrial Marketer survey, and buyers through its Industrial Purchasing Barometer (IPB). The research focused on their use of platforms such as LinkedIn, YouTube, Twitter, Facebook, industry forums, and blogs. The responses paint a picture of an industrial sector that has made social networking a mainstream business practice. Buyers regularly rely on social media to conduct research on companies, and to seek others opinions on particular suppliers. Indeed, 56 percent of buyers now recommend that all suppliers establish a social media presence if they want to do business with them. In response, suppliers are jumping onto the social media bandwagon to provide information on their offerings (41 percent), find new prospects (27 percent), and learn what customers have to say about their companies (20 percent). The industrial sector is awakening to the fact that social media isn t just a passing consumer fancy, but an essential part of any branding and marketing program, said Susan Orr, Senior Director, Strategic Marketing, Thomas Industrial Network. Savvy suppliers also understand that the most effective social media programs need constant care and feeding. To influence prospective buyers, suppliers need to continually update their social media content, and to be actively engaging in and initiating conversations. But for many industrial suppliers, dedicating the resources and having the in-house expertise to manage social media is a challenge. In response, Thomas Industrial Network recently launched a new, cost effective program to help them take advantage of this important new channel. The Social Media Program helps suppliers reach prospects who are seeking information and advice for their businesses through channels such as LinkedIn, Twitter, Blogs, Facebook and Google+. Thomas takes the work off their hands, handling everything from strategy sessions and goal setting, to writing and posting unique content for each company. We re thrilled to offer a turn-key and affordable program that leverages Thomas 115 years of experience bringing buyers and suppliers of industrial products and services together, said Phil Paranicas, Director of Digital Media, Thomas Industrial Network. We have made it easy for any supplier to participate in social networking, and to begin reaching and influencing those prospects who regularly use these platforms. For more information on Thomas Social Media Program, please contact Mr. Paranicas at 212- 629-2134 or pparanicas@thomasnet.com. Thomas has also just published a new, free white paper, Why industrial businesses need to have a social media presence and how to get started, which includes additional results of its surveys, and provides social media best practices. To download a complimentary copy, please visit: http://promoteyourbusiness.thomasnet.com/white-papers/. About Thomas Industrial Network ® Thomas Industrial Network is an innovative information and technology company that helps industrial businesses to connect, collaborate and grow. We help companies to develop a complete web strategy, enabling them to share product data through all of their sales channels. As a result, we help industrial companies to increase sales, improve customer relationships and expand into new markets. One of our key offerings is ThomasNet.com, the premier website for product sourcing and supplier discovery and selection. We also provide strategic website development, tools and technology for industrial businesses to manage and share product and service data internally and externally. They include WebCAD publishing, and syndication of detailed product data to channel partners. Custom SPEC was designed for the unique needs of custom manufacturers. Additionally, we offer social media programs and search engine optimization services to help these businesses build brand awareness and generate leads. Our Navigator Platform is the hub through which we help our customers to manage their information. Our focus on the industrial sector for more than a century gives Thomas Industrial Network a unique perspective to anticipate and deliver new solutions that help industrial businesses grow. Visit us today to learn more. Home Supplier Search Product Search Product News CAD Drawings About Us SiteMaps Categories Featured Companies Featured Categories Featured Products Community Log In to MyThomas Sign Up for MyThomas Contact ThomasNet Provide Feedback Forums Careers Additional Resources Guides | White Papers Resources Press Room Testimonials FAQs Tools & Gadgets Job Board Deal of the Day Promote Your Business Free Listing Advertising Services Log In to Client Center  © 2013 Thomas Publishing Company. All rights reserved. See Terms and Conditions or Privacy Statement. Website Last Modified January 31, 2013. Thomas Register ® and Thomas Regional ® are part of ThomasNet.com. ThomasNet Is A Registered Trademark Of Thomas Publishing Company. http://www.thomasnet.com/print/pressroom/news/social-media-gives-industrial-companies†¦ 1/31/2013

Free Essays on A Worn Path

Life’s Journey Every person, living and dead, has a story to be told. Phoenix Jackson is no exception. Some may perceive the story on Phoenix’s journey to town in a sad light. Each journey however, must have some trials and tribulations just as Phoenix does during her trip. Phoenix’s difficult journey to town seems to indicate that the struggles she has endured throughout her life enable her to possess the wisdom to overcome many obstacles. Throughout her journey Phoenix endures a number of problems not allowing any of them distract her from her goal. Before she gets very far she finds herself entangled in a thorn bush that with some persistence she frees herself from. This seems to indicate the difficulty of the impending travel ahead. The path soon comes to a small creek only to be crossed by walking the log that makes the path. This is obviously no easy feat for an old woman walking unsteadily with a cane. Yet Phoenix makes it across safely. Through barred wire and after a tumble into a ditch she finally makes it safely and unharmed into town. Even the younger more capable hunter exclaims â€Å"Why, that’s too far† when he hears of her destination (McMahan 292). Phoenix does make it to town despite the difficulty of the journey and proves she has the persistence and wisdom of her years to enable her to survive. Three times during her trip Phoenix shows her wisdom by obtaining things from various people along her way. She shows her abilities first by managing to obtain money from a hunter who claims â€Å"Id give you dime if I had any money with me† (McMahan 294). To accomplish this she must distract the hunter from realizing he lost this valuable commodity. She pretends to be interested in watching his dog chase a cur and he subsequently goes off to do just that. She then quickly assumes possession of the fallen nickel. Secondly, she comes across a woman who obviously look down at Phoenix. T... Free Essays on A Worn Path Free Essays on A Worn Path You Can’t Trick Me Death is always lurking around us. Nobody really knows when death will come knocking at his or her door. In her short story, â€Å"A Worn Path,† Eudora Welty uses many different symbols that convey an underlying meaning that death is lurking around every corner and around every bend in the road. Some of these symbols include the title itself, â€Å"A Worn Path,† the rustling in the bushes, Phoenix Jackson’s dress catching in the bush, and the scarecrow and the black dog. All of these symbols represent death in one way or another. The first symbol is the title of the story and how it brings Phoenix Jackson to her journey of â€Å"A Worn Path.† This path is familiar to Phoenix, for she has traveled down it her entire life. As Phoenix starts her long journey through the deep ominous woods, she knows anything could happen if she is not careful. With her ears and senses alert, she makes slow but steady steps into the woods. Phoenix hears rustling in the bushes as she makes her way along the path. Phoenix does not see anything, but she thinks the wild animals might try to get her, so she says â€Å"Out of my way all you foxes, owls, beetles, jack rabbits, coons and wild animals!† (87). The path Phoenix takes is the path of her life. She knows death lurks behind every shadow and can take on any form or shape. The rustling in the bushes represents the evil that could cross her path and interrupt her way of life. People can sense when their time of existence is near the end. They will take painstaking care to look presentable when entering Heaven. Phoenix’s â€Å"long dark striped dress† gets caught on a bush, and to her this is not acceptable. She says, â€Å"Thorns, you doing your appointed work. Never want to let folks pass† (87). Phoenix finally frees herself from the bush. Death plays many games, and this is one more that Phoenix has endured and overcome. At times people feel like the devil has a hold on them. The ... Free Essays on A Worn Path A Vital Path Life is full of purposeful journeys. These journeys are often taken to overcome, to succeed, or to protect. In Eudora Welty’s short story â€Å"A Worn Path,† the elderly Phoenix Jackson sets out on one of these voyages. Her trip down the path is a vital part of her life and essential to the survival of her grandson and herself. Beginning her perilous trip to town, Phoenix confidently exclaims, â€Å"’Out of my way all you foxes, owls, beetles, jack rabbits, coons, and wild animals!†¦I got a long way.’† Phoenix knows what trials she must face, and she is determined to overcome them. When her eyesight fails her and she is caught in brambles, she works intently to remove them from her tangled skirts and continues along her way. Phoenix encounters even more challenge when the initially amiable hunter becomes unpleasant and disrespectful and tries to frighten her into going home. Needless to say, Phoenix is not deterred; she says, â€Å"’I bound to go on my way, mister,’† and continues down the path. Surmounting these challenges keeps Phoenix determined to complete her journey. Phoenix’s trip down the path is crucial to her sick grandson. Her love for him runs deep and she knows that she must make this journey for him. Without Phoenix’s resolve to repeatedly travel to town for medicine, her grandson’s illness may take his life. If that were to occur, because of Phoenix’s old age, she may no longer have the will to keep living. Phoenix also makes the journey for herself. The old woman’s name alludes to the fabled Egyptian phoenix that, after five hundred years of life, consumes itself in flames and is resurrected from its ashes. Like the bird, Phoenix Jackson periodically makes her journey and is, in a sense, reborn from her experience. When she skillfully crosses a log over a creek and says, â€Å"’I wasn’t as old as I thought,’† it is clear that the trials Phoenix faces on the path g... Free Essays on A Worn Path Life’s Journey Every person, living and dead, has a story to be told. Phoenix Jackson is no exception. Some may perceive the story on Phoenix’s journey to town in a sad light. Each journey however, must have some trials and tribulations just as Phoenix does during her trip. Phoenix’s difficult journey to town seems to indicate that the struggles she has endured throughout her life enable her to possess the wisdom to overcome many obstacles. Throughout her journey Phoenix endures a number of problems not allowing any of them distract her from her goal. Before she gets very far she finds herself entangled in a thorn bush that with some persistence she frees herself from. This seems to indicate the difficulty of the impending travel ahead. The path soon comes to a small creek only to be crossed by walking the log that makes the path. This is obviously no easy feat for an old woman walking unsteadily with a cane. Yet Phoenix makes it across safely. Through barred wire and after a tumble into a ditch she finally makes it safely and unharmed into town. Even the younger more capable hunter exclaims â€Å"Why, that’s too far† when he hears of her destination (McMahan 292). Phoenix does make it to town despite the difficulty of the journey and proves she has the persistence and wisdom of her years to enable her to survive. Three times during her trip Phoenix shows her wisdom by obtaining things from various people along her way. She shows her abilities first by managing to obtain money from a hunter who claims â€Å"Id give you dime if I had any money with me† (McMahan 294). To accomplish this she must distract the hunter from realizing he lost this valuable commodity. She pretends to be interested in watching his dog chase a cur and he subsequently goes off to do just that. She then quickly assumes possession of the fallen nickel. Secondly, she comes across a woman who obviously look down at Phoenix. T... Free Essays on A Worn Path In Eudora Welty’s "A Worn Path" the conflict was not apparent at the very beginning. What was a poor, elderly sick woman doing gallivanting in the forest during the dead of winter? The reason became clear towards the conclusion of the story as the action revealed that the conflict was obtaining the necessary medicine for her grandson. When this conflict became obvious, another question came to mind. What kind of society did this woman live in that she had to go all the way from her home in the countryside to the city by herself to get the medicine? The conflict being illustrated is that of an individual versus society and the four problems that Phoenix faces as a result of this was her old age, her health, her grandson’s health and her state of poverty. "Her eyes were blue with age. Her skin had a pattern all its own of numberless branching wrinkles†¦" (paragraph 2). This quotation was one of many indications of Phoenix Jackson’s old age. Normally, in society there are benefits for the elderly and those of the golden age. There are various organizations that help people who are over the age of sixty-five. They also provide various services towards them such as meals on wheels. Was there not someone who could have delivered the medicine to this woman of nearly 100 years of age? Perhaps Phoenix Jackson was too shy or had too much pride to ask for a service of that nature. The doctors from the medical building knew about the condition of Phoenix’s grandson and did nothing to try and help. This showed the lack of respect that was present in the society. In today’s society, someone of that age commands and deserves the proper respect. The next conflict that plagued her is that of her health. "She carried a thin, small cane made from an umbrella, and with this she kept tapping the frozen earth in front of her," (paragraph 1). In the preceding quotation, there was one important note that readers should take into consideration... Free Essays on A Worn Path I need a Summary of the Worn Path:A Worn Path by Eudora Welty It was December- a bright frozen day in the early morning. Far out in the country there was an old Negro woman with her head tied in a red rag, coming along a path through the pinewoods. Her name was Phoenix Jackson. She was very old and small and she walked slowly in the dark pine shadows, moving a little from side to side in her steps, with the balanced heaviness and lightness of a pendulum in a grandfather clock. She carried a thin, small cane made from an umbrella, and with this she kept tapping the frozen earth in front of her. This made a grave and persistent noise in the still air that seemed meditative, like the chirping of a solitary little bird. She wore a dark striped dress reaching down to her shoe tops, and an equally long apron of bleached sugar sacks, with a full pocket: all neat and tidy, but every time she took a step she might have fallen over her shoelaces, which dragged from her unlaced shoes. She looked straight ahead. Her eyes were blue with age. Her skin had a pattern all its own of numberless branching wrinkles and as though a whole little tree stood in the middle of her forehead, but a golden color ran underneath, and the two knobs of her cheeks were illumined by a yellow burning under the dark. Under the red rag her hair came down on her neck in the frailest of ringlets, still black, and with an odor like copper. ...

Ratio Analysis on Different Pharmaceuticals in Bangladesh Essays

Ratio Analysis on Different Pharmaceuticals in Bangladesh Essays Ratio Analysis on Different Pharmaceuticals in Bangladesh Paper Ratio Analysis on Different Pharmaceuticals in Bangladesh Paper Table of Content 1. Letter of transmittal†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦03 2. Introduction †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦04 3. Ratio Analysis†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 06 4. Liquidity†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦07 i. Current ratio†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦08 ii. Quick Ratio†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 09 5. Asset management†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 10 iii. Inventory turnover†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦11 iv. Days sales outstanding (DSO)†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚ ¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦12 v. Fixed asset turnover†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦13 vi. Total assets turnover†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦14 6. Debt management†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 15 vii. Total debt to total assets†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦16 viii. Times-interest-earned (TIE)†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦17 ix. EBITDA coverage†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦18 7. Profitability†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 19 x. Profit margin on sales†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦20 xi. Basic earning power (BEP)†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦21 xii. Return on total assets (ROA)†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦22 xiii. Return on common equity (ROE)†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦23 8. Market value†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 24 xiv. Price/earning (P/E)†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â ‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦25 xv. Price/cash flow†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦26 xvi. Market/book (M/B)†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦27 9. Overall Financial Summary†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 28 10. Balance sheet, cash follow and income statement of BEXIMCO LTD 11. Balance sheet, cash follow and income statement of SQUARE LTD 12. Balance sheet, cash follow and income statement of Renata LTD Acknowledgements At first our thanks goes to Mr. S. M. Abdus Shakur, Lecturer, School of Business, Presidency University, for giving us the responsibility to prepare this report which we found to be a rather interesting topic to work on, and for the help to prepare the report as well. We got help from many people in the context of preparing this report and some of the persons have been very helpful and cooperative with information and suggestions. And lastly, we would like to thank each other, means the group members for helping each other whenever we have to get help. Introduction: Financial Ratio Analysis is a tool used by individuals to conduct a quantitative analysis of information  in a companys financial statements. Ratios are  calculated from current year numbers and are then compared to previous years, other companies, the industry, or even the economy to judge the performance of the company. Ratio analysis is predominately used by proponents of fundamental analysis. Financial ratios are designed to help one evaluate financial statement and by comparing the results it must pay to the income it has available for payment such comparisons are made by ratio analysis. Here we take three companies from the same industry to analyze their financial statement and we also compare the findings with the total pharmaceuticals industry average. The companies name we took are- 1. BEXIMCO PHARMACEUTICALS LIMITED. 2. SQUARE PHARMACUTICALS LTD. 3. RENATA LIMITED. 4. AMBEE PHARMACEUTICALS LTD. Ratio Analysis Financial ratios are useful indicators of a firms performance and financial situation. Financial ratios can be used to analyze trends and to compare the firms financials to those of other firms. Financial ratios can be classified according to the information they provide. The following types of ratios frequently are used: 1. Liquidity ratios 2. Asset management ratios 3. Debt management ratios 4. Profitability ratios 5. Market value ratios LIQUIDITY RATIOS Liquidity ratios are the first ones to come in the picture. These ratios actually show the relationship of a firm’s cash and other current assets to its current liabilities. Two ratios are discussed under Liquidity ratios. They are: 1. Current ratio 2. Quick/ Acid Test ratio. 1. Current ratio: This ratio indicates the extent to which current liabilities are covered by those assets expected to be converted to cash in the near future. Current assets normally include cash, marketable securities, accounts receivables, and inventories. Current liabilities consist of accounts payable, short-term notes payable, current maturities of long-term debt, accrued taxes, and other accrued expenses (principally wages). Current Ratio = Current Assets/Current Liabilities BEXIMCO =28618916542602032267 1. 10 times Square=44118364363500845103 =1. 26 times Renata=988092820717068650 =1. 38 times Ambee=218724505222145758 =0. 985 times Industry average=1. 18 times 2. Quick/ Acid Test ratio: This ratio indicates the firm’s liquidity position as well. It actually refers to the extent to which current liabilities are covered by those assets except inventories. Quick Ratio = (Current Assets-Inventories)/Current Liabilities BEXIMCO =28 61891654-15052880932602032267 =1. 04 times Square=4411836436-20267363223500845103 =1. 20 times Renata=988092820-959414590717068650 =0. 04 times Ambee=218724505-135899190222145758 =0. 37 times Industry Average=0. 66 times ASSET MANAGEMENT RATIOS Asset management ratios are the financial statement ratios that measure how effectively a business uses and controls its assets. Below are discussed five types of asset management ratios: 1. Inventory turnover ratio 2. The day’s sales outstanding 3. Fixed asset turnover ratio 4. Total asset turnover ratio 1. Inventory turnover ratio: The ratio is regarded as a test of efficiency and indicates the rapidity with which the company is able to move its merchandise. Inventory turnover ratio = Gross Turnover / Inventories BEXIMCO = 40101670591505288093 =2. 66 times Square= 82310975252026736322 =4. 06 times Renata=3089746417959414590 =3. 22 times Ambee=240726296135899190 =1. 77 times Industry Average=2. 93 times 2. The Days Sales Outstanding: The Days Sales Outstanding ratio shows both the average time it takes to turn the receivables into cash and the age, in terms of days, of a companys accounts receivable. This ratio is of particular importance to credit and collection associates. Days Sales Outstanding (DSO) = Trade Debtors/ (Annual gross turnover/365) BEXIMCO =5039164014010167059/365 =19. 23 Days Square=3602456469565715902/365 =13. 75 Days Renata=3442269333089746417/365 =40. 66 Days Ambee= 38179778240726296/365 =57. 89 days Industry Average=32. 88 days 3. Fixed asset turnover ratio: The Fixed Asset Turnover ratio measures the effectiveness in generating Net Sales revenue from investments in Net Property, Plant, and Equipment back into the company evaluates only the investments. Fixed assets turnover ratio (FATO) = Gross Turnover / Net fixed assets Beximco=401016705911957773787 =0. 34 times Square=82310975258291290984 =0. 99 times Renata=30897464771656161962 =1. 87 times Ambee=24072629660695282 =3. 97 times Industry Average=1. 79 times 4. Total asset turnover ratio: The Total Asset Turnover is similar to fixed asset turnover since both measures a companys effectiveness in generating sales revenue from investments back into the company. Total Asset Turnover evaluates the efficiency of managing all of the companys assets. Total assets turnover ratio (TATO) = Gross Turnover/Total Assets Beximco=401016705914819665441 0. 27 times Square=825784373912703127420 =0. 65 times Renata=30897464173162232934 =0. 98 times Ambee=24072629657247033 =4. 21 times Industry Average=1. 53 times DEBT MANAGEMENT RATIOS Debt management ratios reveal 1) the extent to which the firm is financed with debt and 2) its likelihood of defaulting on its debt obligations. These ratios include: 1. Debt ratio, 2. Times-Interest-Earned (TIE) ratio, 3. EBITDA Coverage . 1. Debt ratio: The ratio of total debt to total assets, generally called the debt ratio, measures the percentage of funds provided by the creditors. Debt ratio = Total Debt / Total Assets Beximco=436946329614819665441 =29 % Square=428608671512703127420 =34 % Renata=15001595773162232934 =47 % Ambee= 4800990157247033 =83% Industry Average=48. 25% 2. Times-Interest-Earned (TIE) ratio: This ratio measures the extent to which operating income can decline before the firm is unable to meet its annual interest cost. EBIT = Earnings before Interest and Tax TIE ratio = EBIT / Interest Charges Beximco=963775308249654298 =3. 86 times Square=2908395181397135963 =7. 32 times Renata=69719063387270665 =7. 99 times Ambee =78642302395026 3. 28 times Industry Average=5. 61 times 3. The EBITDA coverage ratio: The EBITDA coverage ratio shows if earnings are able to satisfy all financial obligations including leases and principal payments. (EBITDA is short for earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, and amortization. ) EBITDA Ratio = EBITDA + Lease Payment/ Interest + Principal Payment + Lease Payment Beximco=963775308+5887353+30993608+10302868 249654298+3556423568 =0. 29 times Square=2908395181+454290404+57334928+140936267397135963+2279693991 =0. 56 times Renata=697190633+1628151487270665 =1. 17 times Ambee=7864230+9614002395026+0+7864230 =0. 86 times Industry Average=0. 72 times PROFITIBILITY RATIO: Profitability is the net result of a number of policies and decisions. Profitability ratios show the combined effects of liquidity, asset management and debt on operating results. There are four important profitability ratios that we are going to analyze: 1. Profit Margin on sales 2. Basic Earning power (BEP) 3. Return on Asset 4. Return on Equity 1. Profit Margin on Sales: Profit Margin on Sales gives us the net profit that the business is earning per dollar of sales. The equation is as follows: Profit margin on Sales = Net income available to the stockholders / Sales Beximco=5453412734010167059 =13. 6 % Square=13818630938257843739 =16. 7 % Renata=4331458043089746417 =14 % Ambee=6347155240726296 =2. 64% Industry Average=11. 735% 2. Basic Earning Power (BEP): The ratio indicates the ability of the firm’s assets to generate operating income. The equation is as follows: Basic Earning Power = EBIT / Total Assets Beximco=96377530814819665441 =6. 5 % Square=290839518112703127420 =22. 9 % Renata=6971906333162232934 =22 % Ambee=786423057274033 =13. 3% Industry Average=16. 28% 3. Return on Total Assets (ROA): Return of total asset measures the amount of Net Income earned by utilizing each dollar of Total Assets. The equation is: Return on Total Assets (ROA) = Net income available to total common shareholders / Total assets Beximco=54534127314819665441 =3. 7 % Square=138186309312703127420 =10. 9 % Renata=4331458043162232934 =13. 7 % Ambee=63471555727 4033 =11. 08% Industry Average=9. 85% 4. Return on Equity (ROE): Return on Equity measures the amount of Net Income earned by utilizing each dollar of Total common equity. It is the most important of the â€Å"Bottom line† ratio. By this, we can find out how much the shareholders are going to get for their shares. The equation is: Return on Equity (ROE) = Net income available to common shareholders / Total common equity Beximco=54534127310450202145 =5. 2% Square=13818630938417040705 =16. 4% Renata=433145804155075461 =2. 79% Ambee=634715546527981 =13. 64% Industry Average=9. 51% MARKET VALUE RATIOS The final group of ratios, the market value ratios relates the firm’s stock price to its earnings, cash flow and book value per share. These ratios give management an indication of what investors think of the company’s past performance and future prospects. In this section, we are going to have a discussion mainly on three types of ratios: 1. Price/Earnings Ratio 2. Price/ Cash flow Ratio 3. Market/ Book Ratio 1. Price/ Earnings ratio: The Price/ Earnings ratio (price-to-earnings ratio) of a stock is a measure of the price paid for a share relative to the income or profit earned by the firm per share. P/E ratio = Price per share / earnings per share Beximco=104. 33 =2. 309 times Square=100114. 47 =0. 87 times Renata=100374. 44 =0. 267 times Ambee=103. 17 =3. 15 times Industry Average=1. 65 times 2. Price/ Cash Flow ratio: This ratio indicates the amount investors will pay for Tk. 1 of cash flow. The equation for this ratio is shown below: Price/ Cash flow ratio = Price per share/Cash flow per share Beximco=10(545341+147183829)/1045020214 =70. 73 times Square=100(1381863093+652561599)/18170407 =1. 11 times Renata=100(433145804+16281514)/1156787 =3. 88 times Ambee= 10(6347155+57274033)/46527981 =7. 31 times Industry Average=20. 6 times 3. Market/ Book ratio: The ratio of stock’s market price to its book value. The Equation is: Market/Book ratio (M/B) = Market price per share / Book value per share Beximco=167. 7104502021451045020214 =16. 77 times Square=3151. 258417040705/18170407 =6. 80 times Renata=7789. 75115678700/1156787 =77. 89 times Ambee=12910 =12. 9 times Industry Average=28. 59 times OVERALL FINANCIAL SUMMARY After analyzing all the ratios, we have found out the following information: 1. Liquidity Ratios: In the liquidity ratio we can see that both current atio and quick ratio is good in average for Square comparing with the industry average. Renata’s current ratio is quite well, but it seems that the company has too much inventories, so, the quick ratio got lower. 2. Asset Management Ratios: for the asset management ratios, we can see that for the first two, Square is in a good shape. But for the asset turnover ratios, Ambee plays a good role. Meaning that Square is good in turning its current assets to liquidity, and Ambee is good at moving its long term assets to liquidity. 3. Debt Management Ratios: in Debt management ratio analysis, we can see that for debt ratio and TIE ratio, both Beximco is in a good shape on an average. Bot for the EBITDA Coverage ratio, Renata does the best. But, as a whole, we can say that Beximco is quite good in managing its debt. 4. Profitability Ratios: for the profitability ratios, we can see that square is very good at both Profit margin on sales, and BEP ratios. At ROA, Square is okay, but Renata and Ambee are very good. Again for ROE, Square is extra ordinarily good. So, we can say that Squrae is very good at managing and earning profit. 5. Market Value Ratios: here we see that for the first two analyses, Beximco’s market value is higher, but for the last one, renata’s valu is higher, but Beximco’s was okay. So, we can say that in terms of market value, Beximco is good on average. From the total analysis, we can summarize that Square Pharmaceuticals Ltd and Beximco Pharmaceuticals Ltd have been doing pretty good throughout the years. It is true that for some cases both the companies are in an okay shape, but it is still pretty much satisfactory. Therefore, we can conclude that both Square Pharmaceuticals Ltd and Beximco Pharmaceuticals Ltd are good enough company to invest on.

Limiting Reactant Problems in Chemistry

Limiting Reactant Problems in Chemistry A balanced chemical equation shows the molar amounts of reactants that will react together to produce molar amounts of products. In the real world, reactants are rarely brought together with the exact amount needed. One reactant will be completely used up before the others. The reactant used up first is known as the ​limiting reactant. The other reactants are partially consumed where the remaining amount is considered in excess. This example problem demonstrates a method to determine the limiting reactant of a chemical reaction. Problem Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) reacts with phosphoric acid (H3PO4) to form sodium phosphate (Na3PO4) and water (H2O) by the reaction:3 NaOH(aq) H3PO4(aq) → Na3PO4(aq) 3 H2O(l)If 35.60 grams of NaOH is reacted with 30.80 grams of H3PO4,a. How many grams of Na3PO4 are formed? b. What is the limiting reactant?c. How many grams of the excess reactant remains when the reaction is complete?Useful information:Molar mass of NaOH 40.00 gramsMolar mass of H3PO4 98.00 gramsMolar mass of Na3PO4 163.94 grams Solution To determine the limiting reactant, calculate the amount of product formed by each reactant. The reactant the produces the least amount of product is the limiting reactant.To determine the number of grams of Na3PO4 formed:grams Na3PO4 (grams reactant) x (mole of reactant/molar mass of reactant) x (mole ratio: product/reactant) x (molar mass of product/mole product)Amount of Na3PO4 formed from 35.60 grams of NaOHgrams Na3PO4 (35.60 g NaOH) x (1 mol NaOH/40.00 g NaOH) x (1 mol Na3PO4/3 mol NaOH) x (163.94 g Na3PO4/1 mol Na3PO4)grams of Na3PO4 48.64 gramsAmount of Na3PO4 formed from 30.80 grams of H3PO4grams Na3PO4 (30.80 g H3PO4) x (1 mol H3PO4/98.00 grams H3PO4) x (1 mol Na3PO4/1 mol H3PO4) x (163.94 g Na3PO4/1 mol Na3PO4)grams Na3PO4 51.52 gramsThe sodium hydroxide formed less product than the phosphoric acid. This means the sodium hydroxide was the limiting reactant and 48.64 grams of sodium phosphate is formed.To determine the amount of excess reactant remaining, the amount us ed is needed. grams of reactant used (grams of product formed) x (1 mol of product/molar mass of product) x (mole ratio of reactant/product) x (molar mass of reactant)grams of H3PO4 used (48.64 grams Na3PO4) x (1 mol Na3PO4/163.94 g Na3PO4) x (1 mol H3PO4/1 mol Na3PO4) x (98 g H3PO4/1 mol)grams of H3PO4 used 29.08 gramsThis number can be used to determine the remaining amount of excess reactant.Grams H3PO4 remaining initial grams H3PO4 - grams H3PO4 usedgrams H3PO4 remaining 30.80 grams - 29.08 gramsgrams H3PO4 remaining 1.72 grams Answer When 35.60 grams of NaOH is reacted with 30.80 grams of H3PO4,a. 48.64 grams of Na3PO4 are formed.b. NaOH was the limiting reactant.c. 1.72 grams of H3PO4 remain at completion.

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Multiaxial Diagnosis of Joseph - Case Study Example This is a sign of delusion where inpatient assume that people are reading their thoughts and trying to harm them in some way. In psychotic disorder, at times people can look calm and may not project themselves to be a patient. They behave like a normal person and only when they converse about their experience clinician can identify the problem. Joseph had been reported saying that his upstairs neighbors read his thoughts and left negative comments like â€Å"You are no good!† and â€Å"Lisa wants nothing to do with you!† "Why don't you just leave!".  According to DSM people suffering from the psychotic disorder can suffer from delusion and feel like people are saying things related to him and they also feel to have supernatural powers. Joseph is reported to feel like have telepathic powers which are a sign of delusion and hallucination. .â€Å" Delusions are false beliefs that significantly hinder a persons ability to function.   For example, believing that people are trying to hurt you when there is no evidence of this, or believing that you are somebody else, such as Jesus Christ or Cleopatra.   Hallucinations are false perceptions.   They can be visual, auditory, olfactory or tactile†(Heffner, 2002). According to DSM people with psychotic disorder suffer from abnormal thinking and perceptions. Joseph thinks that the people on the street could read his mind and understand the plans he had made for himself. He specifies that when he was in the kitchen and planning the dinner menu, the person on the street already shouted the menu. When people suffer from psychotic problems they lose touch with the real world and assume things which are imaginary and delusive. Joseph had a past occurrence of the psychological problem in college days where he received counseling for the same. This shows that he was susceptible to mental disorder and the major stress of unemployment triggered a psychotic situation in him.

Develop a plan for Domestic Destination Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

Develop a plan for Domestic Destination - Essay Example Through participation the individual provide financial assistance and thus the local individuals are empowered. Additionally, the local community can attain direct financial benefit through conservation of the natural resources (Allen and Frank, 31). Through conservation the heritage and the beautiful environment is protected while the communities benefit from employment thereby achieving a sustainable development. This means that a preserved ecosystem will host tourist to come and witness beautiful planet and social climate (Chawla, 23). Through ecotourism individuals are able to understand the nature, local community and their culture. Medical tourism refers to a travel that tourist undertake to ensure that they can get medical treatment (Kulkarni, 20). The purpose of traveling is to attain and improve their health or fitness. Medical tourism has a long history that dates back thousands of years. For example, in Greece thousands patients were traveling so that they could receive healing from Asklepios in Epidauria . Asklepios was a god who used to heal individuals from any part of the country who had different problems and this was a reason why individuals would travel (Bookman and Karla, 31). In other countries people travel from other parts of country when they hear there is a place where their problem related to medical issues. For example people used to travel from other countries so that they would collect water that was assumed to be holy. For example the waters from the holy shrines have been used by many individuals who move from one country to another so that they will collect the holy water (Stolley and Stephanie, 54). This is a medical tourism since the tourists have one goal of being healed whenever they will visit such places. For the less developed countries, patients tend to seek medical assistance from developed

Fast Food Effects Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Fast Food Effects - Essay Example However, fast foods have been proven to have a myriad of effects both positive and negative, while the culture of fast foods is considered to have revolutionized the feeding habits of the American public, it has come under harsh criticism because of the detrimental health effects they have on health among them obesity and diabetes. However, being cognizant of this, the fast food outlets have become more sensitive to the nutritional needs of consumers and have included â€Å"health† fast foods in their menus and even going as far as regulating the amount of salt one can consume. Considering the low pricing, people are often encouraged to buy fast foods and consume them on a regular basis. However, regular consumption of fast foods often results in obesity especially in children, bearing in mind that many of eth foods are high calories such a fries and chicken, which is often deep fried, as result the may end up consuming more calories than their bodies can burn. As a result, their body fat will increase and this will lead to weight gain, and this often has detrimental health effect on the consumer. People with office jobs are more prone to this since they spend all day sitting down and eat packed sandwiches, fries and sodas, due to lack of physical activity, they quickly gain weight and in many cases, this portends health complications in posterity. Consumption of fast foods on a regular basis especially foods rich in simple sugars can lead to insulin resistance; this occurs when the pancreas is not transforming sugars into carbohydrates and energy. Insulin resistance is a precise to diabetes type 2 that occurs when the levels of blood sugar increases (Trembla). This often results to ill health, and one becomes prone to other health complications since diabetes weakens the body’s immunity. This is made worse if someone was already overweight, since it becomes hard for them to engage in

Develop a plan for Domestic Destination Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

Develop a plan for Domestic Destination - Essay Example Through participation the individual provide financial assistance and thus the local individuals are empowered. Additionally, the local community can attain direct financial benefit through conservation of the natural resources (Allen and Frank, 31). Through conservation the heritage and the beautiful environment is protected while the communities benefit from employment thereby achieving a sustainable development. This means that a preserved ecosystem will host tourist to come and witness beautiful planet and social climate (Chawla, 23). Through ecotourism individuals are able to understand the nature, local community and their culture. Medical tourism refers to a travel that tourist undertake to ensure that they can get medical treatment (Kulkarni, 20). The purpose of traveling is to attain and improve their health or fitness. Medical tourism has a long history that dates back thousands of years. For example, in Greece thousands patients were traveling so that they could receive healing from Asklepios in Epidauria . Asklepios was a god who used to heal individuals from any part of the country who had different problems and this was a reason why individuals would travel (Bookman and Karla, 31). In other countries people travel from other parts of country when they hear there is a place where their problem related to medical issues. For example people used to travel from other countries so that they would collect water that was assumed to be holy. For example the waters from the holy shrines have been used by many individuals who move from one country to another so that they will collect the holy water (Stolley and Stephanie, 54). This is a medical tourism since the tourists have one goal of being healed whenever they will visit such places. For the less developed countries, patients tend to seek medical assistance from developed

Having someone to represent you means not acting for yourself. How, Essay

Having someone to represent you means not acting for yourself. How, then, does representative democracy facilitate the participation of the people - Essay Example However, various countries have various forms of governments. Many have democratic systems, while others are having kingships. Democracy allows the people of the nation to choose their representative, which they think can fully put forward their views and concern at a first place. A proper election system is established in those countries and people are allowed to cast their vote against shortlisted candidates. The candidates achieving majority of the vote declares victory and has then the authority to have the command over the country ship from then on (Shughart, pp.157-159. 2003). The elected one is assumed the spokesperson and the way-looker for the nation and has to fulfill certain responsibilities. Having a person or a representative group of people working for some larger number of people is required because it helps to maintain the status quo at a first place which otherwise would result in a chaos, and on the other hand it is needed to unite the scattered and diverse group of people under one roof. Moreover, various institutions, apart from residents, also work under the core circle of a nation set of hierarchy. These institutions may include Hospitals, Security Departments, commercial houses, and educational institutions, which also have their demands and requisitions over the governing bodies. Smooth operations within institutions need a structural framework that is followed by both, people working in the organization as well as the people getting advantage from them (for example, clients or customers). Such operations are always headed by a single governing body, which is formed by professionals from integrated departments and working under mutual consent to carry forward all the needed tasks. Similar is the case with a whole country. Taking country as a bigger institution, aimed at giving its people a contributive environment for living also needs a representative body.

Alexander Pope’s poem The Rape of the Lock Essay Example for Free

Alexander Pope’s poem The Rape of the Lock Essay There are several aspects to Alexander Pope’s poem, The Rape of the Lock which cement it as a unique and important work. Not only do Pope’s use of imagery and other literary tools create a landscape of the world which is represented here, but Pope also creates the feeling of total emersion into the story for the reader.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There are also many individual issues, within the work itself, which utilize their social standing to create emotion for the reader, such as the consumption of drugs throughout The Rape of the Lock. This creates an emotional bond with between the reader and the character within the poem by forcing the reader to make judgments on the characters. This judgment, then, becomes part of the reader’s vision of the world Pope created within the poem.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   While the poem itself was called to be written by Pope’s close friend, to end the feud between two families, what Pope succeeds in creating was an epic of lust, debauchery and social posturing. This tale, spun by Alexander Pope, seems just as much a condemnation of the social stratification of his era, as it is a plea for well-born families to put aside their petty squabbles. The events leading up to the writing of the poem, as explained by Pope were:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The stealing of Miss Belle Fermors hair, was taken too seriously, and caused an  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   estrangement between the two families, though they had lived so long in great friendship   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   before. A common acquaintance and well  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   wisher to both desired me to write a poem to  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   make a jest of it, and laugh them together again. It was with  Ã‚  Ã‚   this view that I wrote the Rape of the Lock. (Pope) This partly explains the use of the term â€Å"Rape† in the title. The use of such a strong word to describe such an inane event illustrates Alexander Pope’s fondness of parody – as well as his ability to illustrate the strange and often humorous idiosyncrasies of the wealthy elite.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As Pope begins his five act poem, his first line both questions and accuses the parties involved in the rivalry by asking what â€Å"trivial things† could have been seen as such a â€Å"dire Offence†. The assault which is spoken of by Pope in this first canto is described as being committed by a â€Å"well-bred Lord† upon a â€Å"gentle Belle†. This assault is also questioned, in that Pope asked how a â€Å"Belle† could refuse the advances of such a well-born man. It is the assumption, from this early exchange, that it was socially expected that these two individuals, most certainly due to their social standing, would have no choice but to form a physical union – completely ignoring any personal choice in the matter.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Throughout the first canto, there are several examples of instances where Pope created a strange sense of reality through his use of word choice and order. Calling to attention the vision of a â€Å"birth-night beau†, a very festive and happy image, Pope juxtaposes the idea of non-consensual relations and enters into a dream-state. The allusions that Pope creates here are a very white and pure scene. The use of imagery such as the slippers, â€Å"silver sound†, and Belinda laying her head against her â€Å"downy pillow† creates a setting of safety and warmth.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In line twenty four of the first canto, the poem begins to take on a decidedly fantastic feel. This is used to create the sense that Belinda is truly a slothful person. As she arises at noon, the reader is told that she returns to sleep – creating a sense of an unpressured and possibly spoiled girl with no responsibilities.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The dreams of Belinda are also illustrated here. Pope mentions several types of fantastic characters in this section which illustrate the unrealistic world Belinda inhabits. The angels and elves which Pope mentions number in the thousands – and through them, illustrate the mental age of Belinda – that of a child. These creatures also set up the meaning of the first canto, the warning of Belinda.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the clear Mirror of thy ruling Star I saw, alas! some dread Event impend, Ere to the Main this Morning Sun descend. But Heavn reveals not what, or how, or where: Warnd by thy Sylph, oh Pious Maid beware! This to disclose is all thy Guardian can. Beware of all, but most beware of Man! (Pope 1.108-114) This warning shows the reader, in Pope’s mock-epic style, that some sort of tragedy is about to unfold for Belinda.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This fantastical illustration continues through the end of the first canto. Pope uses the personification of the items in Belinda’s room to create the creatures which she sees through her dreams. Line 135 is a perfect example of this as Pope writes: â€Å"The Tortoise here and Elephant unite, / Transform’d to Combs†. It is obvious to the reader that Pope is describing a tortoise shell and ivory comb. However, in the dream world of Belinda, this object is represented by its literal components before losing this personification and becoming a tool to create Belinda’s physical beauty.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The second canto is used to by Pope to illustrate the importance of hair to the physical beauty of Belinda. Her majestic persona is described by Pope in order to place a heavy weight on the locks of hair she will eventually lose to the impetuous Lord.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Pope exaggerates Belinda’s physical attractiveness and the attractiveness of her jewelry as well. Though she is surrounded by many well presented youths, all adorned in splendor, â€Å"evry Eye was fixd on her alone† (Pope 2.6) Her physical beauty, as Pope describes it, is accentuated by the cross around her neck – which was so spectacular that â€Å"Jews might kiss, and Infidels adore†. (2.8) The power of a piece of jewelry to overcome religious conviction is very unlikely, however, for Pope, this is a perfect way to illustrate the perceived power of high social standing of the wealthy elite. For the members of the elite families of England, the importance of visual presentation cannot be over-stated, not even when compared to religion. Though the symbol she wears is a Christian icon, its beauty – both from its construction and the fact that it is being worn by a young girl of such attractiveness as Belinda, it could seemingly convert Jews and heathens from their chosen dogmas.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It is also in canto two that the Baron, who will perpetrate the rape of the lock, is introduced. Lines twenty nine and thirty of the second canto reads: â€Å"Th Adventrous Baron the bright Locks admird, / He saw, he wishd, and to the Prize aspird†. This introduction of the Lord creates an interesting situation for the reader. Despite the several dozen lines of text which describe the beauty of Belinda’s clothing, jewelry as well as her physical features, it is the locks of hair that hang against her neck which the Baron first sets eyes upon, and subsequently longs for.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The first feelings of the Baron are shown to be violent in nature.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Resolvd to win, he meditates the way,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   By Force to ravish, or by Fraud betray;   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   For when Success a Lovers Toil attends,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Few ask, if Fraud or Force attaind his Ends.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   (2.31-34) This illustration of the man’s intent shows the reader that the Baron does not visualize the hair on Belinda as a part of Belinda – if he recognizes Belinda at all. The hair that hangs on her neck, however, is instantly revered as a stately prize.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It is also through this section that the locks of hair are given a sexual persona. At no time does the Baron speak, or think of Belinda as a source of joy, but rather her hair as an all encompassing quest. The immediacy of the Baron’s passion for the locks of Belinda’s hair illustrates a very important aspect of his personality – the trophy is more important than the conquest. It is the intent of the Baron to display the locks of hair, as one would display a commendation. The locks of would signify the physical conquest of the beauty of Belinda – whether or not that conquest ever actually occurred.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The signification given to the locks of hair on Belinda’s head is that of her chastity. By removing them, the Baron, in so much as it was seen in the times, had given Belinda the equivalent of a badge of promiscuity. The path through which the Baron achieves his goal, is illustrated through a card game. though this game is seemingly innocuous, it symbolizes to very distinct and overt actions – the first being war, with the direct imagery within the poem, and the other being sex, by the eventual winning of the locks of chastity by the Baron.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The victory of the card game enables the Baron to cut the locks of hair from Belinda’s head. This action, keeping with the tone of the title of the poem, is illustrated violently – though the reality of the action was certainly far less extraordinary.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Peer now spreads the glittring Forfex wide,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Tinclose the Lock; now joins it, to divide.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Evn then, before the fatal Engine closd,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A wretched Sylph too fondly interposd;   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Fate urgd the Sheers, and cut the Sylph in twain,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   (But Airy Substance soon unites again)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The meeting Points that sacred Hair dissever   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   From the fair Head, for ever and for ever!   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   (3.147-154) The words used by Pope in this stanza are undoubtedly violent. Though the Baron is removing the hair with the pressured permission of Belinda, Pope chooses to paint this scene as though the Baron was attacking her, killing her, and/or ravaging her body. Pope also uses strange images to create the picture in the reader’s mind. Line 148 states that the scissors were closed around the hair, cutting it; however, the language chosen by Pope creates the image of both conjunction and disjunction.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This stanza is followed by:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Then flashd the living Lightnings from her Eyes,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   And Screams of Horror rend th affrighted Skies.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Not louder Shrieks to pitying Heavn are cast,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   When Husbands or when Lap-dogs breath their last,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Or when rich China Vessels, faln from high,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In glittring Dust and painted Fragments lie!   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   (3.155-160) This violence that is being spoken of here, as intended by Pope, creates the feeling of murder, and military conquest. The emotions that Pope takes advantage of here, are for the express purpose of illustrating the over-exaggerated weight placed in the locks of hair. This scene is intentionally written so violently, as to show the reader that the members of this social stratum have little understanding of the true importance of things – such as locks of hair.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Throughout canto four, Pope makes several allusions to the act of torture. It is the intent of these lines to show the reader that the taking of the locks of hair, for Belinda, however insignificant as they may truly be, was a painful and violating event. Meanwhile, the Baron, himself, calls into question the validity of the social significance of the hair: â€Å"While the Fops envy, and the Ladies stare! / Honour forbid! at whose unrivald Shrine / Ease, Pleasure, Virtue, All, our Sex resign†. (4.104-107)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The remainder of the poem, for Pope, further illustrates the illogical amount of importance placed on the loss of Belinda’s hair. The insistence that â€Å"Fate and Jove† where in the audience of this event, illustrates for the reader that the society which Pope is lampooning here feels that the Christian God and the pagan gods would be affronted by witnessing such a horrible action. Pope also suggests that the loss of Belinda’s locks would be of such great importance to the surrounding women in her life that their own lives would come to a halt – â€Å"For who cam move when fair Belinda fails?† (5.4)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Pope offers no redemption for the couple, or the society they inhabit. By line ninety-four of the fifth canto, Belinda and the Baron engage in actual combat. Pope uses this fight to further illustrate the complexity of this society’s skewed priorities.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Now meet thy Fate, incensd Belinda cryd,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   And drew a deadly Bodkin from her Side.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   (The same, his ancient Personage to deck,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Her great great Grandsire wore about his Neck   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In three Seal-Rings which after, melted down,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Formd a vast Buckle for his Widows Gown:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Her infant Grandames Whistle next it grew,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Bells she gingled, and the Whistle blew;   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Then in a Bodkin gracd her Mothers Hairs,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Which long she wore, and now Belinda wears.)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   (5.86-96) The fact that the petite and beautiful Belinda pulls a blade from her side, and attacks the Baron with it, is against the idea of the age – where men are the fighters and women are weak in and in need of protection.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This attack by the young maiden is followed by the powerful Baron’s begging for his life â€Å"ah, let me survive†. (5.101) This, again, goes against the expectations of the reader, creating a setting of irrationality. These actions by Pope to create this skewed reality, are effective in forcing the reader to see the entire world of The Rape of the Lock as improbable.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Throughout the poem, Pope utilizes the tools of the ancient epic poems to create a sense of importance and truth to the work. Just as Homer had with his Iliad, Pope creates a tale of heroic and historical importance. However, this is simply a ploy to expose the utter lack of importance of the issue at hand. The entirety of the poem is an exaggeration of the expectations of the reader, and their knowledge of history and poetic license.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The complexity of Pope’s couplet rhyming as well as the loose iambic lines, suggest that the work is meant to be seen just as the historical epics had been. However, the use of exaggerated metaphors and unlikely situations confront that sense of importance – and overpower it. The voice that Pope uses throughout the poem allows the reader to feel at ease with the untrustworthiness of the narrator.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It was the intent of Alexander Pope to illustrate a situation in which a ludicrous amount of importance was placed on a fairly insignificant object – hair. Though the fact is never revealed within the poem, hair regrows naturally. This means that regardless of the taking of the hair by the Baron, given ample time, the hair would be replaced and the event completely forgotten. However, as with the strain between the two families for which Pope was inspired to write about, the event was seen as somewhat of a major catastrophe. WORKS CITED Pope, Alexander. The Rape of the Lock. University of   Massachusetts. Date of access: April 27, 2007. URL: http://www-unix.oit.umass.edu/~sconstan/index.html

Sterile versus non-sterile gloves

Sterile versus non-sterile gloves Sterile technique is generally used for laceration repair despite a lack of scientific evidence that this is necessary (Wilson, 2003). This study addresses whether there is a difference in the infection rate of lacerations randomised to receive repair using sterile versus nonsterile gloves. This will help to increase knowledge on the evidence of infection rates when nonsterile gloves are used. If it can be proven that the use of nonsterile gloves for laceration repair poses no risk, this could save time and have considerable financial savings. This may change clinical practise in the future. Research Question: Sterile versus non-sterile gloves: A safe alternative in the management of acute simple wounds in the pre-hospital environment? Sterile technique (including the use of sterile gloves) for acute simple wound or laceration management is traditional and the practise continues to be recommended (Wilson, 2003). However, there are few studies and little evidence to support this practise. Using clean nonsterile gloves rather than individually packaged sterile gloves for uncomplicated wound repair in the community may result in cost and time savings. Study objective: This proposal is for a prospective randomised controlled trial designed to determine whether there is a difference in the rate of infection, after suture repair of uncomplicated wounds and lacerations, using clean nonsterile gloves versus sterile gloves in a community setting. Justification: The research question separates this proposed study from in-hospital studies, and addresses the small data set available specific to community and pre-hospital environments (Perelman et al, 2004; Worral, 1987; Bodiwala George). Results will add to the body of evidence, broaden the knowledge base for the healthcare community and further the cause of science (Medical Research Council, 2010). This trial aims to provide quality data for publication, enabling informed re-use by others and thereby reducing the risk of data creation duplicity. Background: The Department of Health (DoH) (2005) paper Taking healthcare to the patient states that at least one million of the people taken to AE every year could be treated at the scene, in their homes or in the community. With the advent of the Emergency Care Practitioner (ECP) role, many simple wounds / lacerations are suitable for treatment and closure in the pre-hospital setting. During the year 2008 09, the National Health Service (NHS) reports that there were 663,475 Accident and Emergency attendances in England for lacerations, accounting for 8.5% of total attendances (NHS, 2010). Figures for the Ambulance service this trial will be run at show that over a six month period from April to September 2010, their ECPs attended 1555 calls for laceration / haemorrhage, 72.5% (n= 1127) of which were dealt with at the scene, negating a visit to an Accident and Emergency department. These wounds were cleansed, treated and closed where necessary using a variety of techniques from tissue adhesiv e to paper stitches or sutures. As sterile gloves are not available, the practitioner carrying out treatment of these wounds would have been using clean, non sterile gloves. This is in stark contrast to wound closure in the Accident and Emergency department where the use of sterile gloves is universal (NHS Clinical Knowledge Summaries, 2010). The question asked by this study is whether there is a difference in the rates of infection between wounds treated by practitioners wearing sterile versus non sterile gloves in the community. To answer this it is necessary to investigate what contributing factors to wound infection there are, how they are best managed and what, if any, difference gloves make to the control of infection. Pratt et al (2007) advise that best practice (in the absence of strong evidence) must be guided by expert opinion and national and international guidance; all of which should be integrated into local practice guidelines. In the case for use of sterile versus nonsterile gloves, there has been insufficient research to provide reliable evidence, therefore clinical tradition is followed and sterile gloves are the preferred choice. This dogmatic adherence to tradition is underlined by Flores (2008) who states Although ritualistic practice needs to be questioned, with the rising incidence of multi-resistant infections, it seems prudent to err on the side of caution when in doubt. Obviously then, it is important to remove the doubt by rigorous research into the area for concern, thereby adding quality data to the body of evidence and knowledge, and allowing this to steer best practise, however this is out of the scope of this study. Literature Review. A search of Cochrane Library gave 135 results, 1 of which directly answered the question (Perelman et al, 2004 see appendix one). A search of three other databases British Nursing Index (BNI), The U.S. National Library of Medicine premier life sciences database (PubMed) and Cumulative index to nursing and health literature Nursing allied health (CINAHL) revealed the same plus 2 others: Bodiwala George (1982) and Worral (1987) using the search term Infection OR Cross Infection OR Disease Transmission OR Infection Control AND Glove* OR Protective Device* OR Surgical Glove* OR Sterile Glove* OR Non Sterile Glove* AND Acute Traumatic Wound* OR Wound*.  LIMIT set to Human AND English. This shows there is little tangible research into the hypothesis suggested in this proposal. The prospective Randomized Control Trial (RCT) by Perelman et al (2004) in Canadian Emergency Departments compared sterile versus nonà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ sterile gloves (both latexà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ free) in sutured repair of lacerations. The study enrolled 816 patients (age à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¥ 1) with blinding of patients and outcome assessors. Infection rates by 23 days were 4.3% in the nonà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ sterile group and 6% in the sterile group (no statistical difference), however credence was given to the possibility of skewing results due to the Hawthorne effect (Bowling, 2009) (As blinding the clinician in this type of study is impossible, it is possible that physicians using nonsterile gloves are simply more careful). This is the only RCT study of sterile versus nonsterile gloves. It is of high quality with a reasonable sample size, let down only by the non-standardised partially blind follow up. There are two older studies with significant limitations (comparing no gloves to sterile gloves) and questionable randomisation. Bodiwala George (1982) showed through their study of 408 patients that the difference in infection rates between gloved and ungloved suturing was not statistically significant. Worral (1987) found that infection rates were higher in the sterile gloved group, although the study group was small (n=50). Both these studies lend support to the idea that sterile gloves offer little in the way of reducing infection rates in the repair of simple lacerations, however suturing without any gloves is inappropriate and unsafe for practitioner and patient. Allan (2009) supports the findings of these earlier studies and concludes that present evidence indicates simple lacerations can be repaired with clean nonsterile gloves without an increased risk of infection. Acute traumatic wounds, in comparison to surgical incisions, are by their very nature already exposed to infective agents and the time delay between injury and treatment is longer (Forsch, 2008). Meticulous cleansing and where necessary, debridement is essential in reducing infection rates (Durham Hines, 2001). Moscati et al (1998) found that irrigation of acute traumatic wounds to remove grit, foreign bodies, dressing residue, excess exudates and other potential contaminants to be vitally important in preventing later complications of infection and tattooing. Generally it is agreed that wound cleansing by irrigation is preferable to swabbing or wiping (Dealey, 2005). Trott (2005) supports the old maxim The solution to pollution is dilution, stating that the most effective method for reducing bacterial load on wound surfaces and for removing debris and contaminants from within a laceration is through irrigation. This begs the question: if in the acute traumatic laceration a high bac terial load is already present, of what benefit are sterile gloves in their treatment and closure? Theoretical framework: This is a positivist paradigm (Parahoo, 2006), collecting scientific quantitative data. The research question is based on the empirical data from previous similar trials. It is acknowledged that empirical data is vulnerable to interpretation (Rubin Rubin, 2005) and this trial seeks to limit this by means of closed questions in the data gathering tool. The proposed study hypothesises that the use of clean nonsterile gloves when suturing acute simple lacerations in a community setting has little or no effect on post procedure wound infections. To refine the research question, guidance was taken from Lewith Little (2009) to ensure it is focused, is feasible and explicit. It is also a Statement of expectation relative to the variables investigated (Polit Beck, 2004). Research Methodology: This research will be a randomised controlled trial (RCT). This is chosen as there is a direct comparison between two variables; an RCT providing robust data. The RCT is the most appropriate method of study design, especially in the setting of wound repair, as suggestibility and patient expectations are potentially significant sources of bias (Jadad Cepeda, 2000). Although double blinding is impossible in this trial, the assessing clinician (data gatherer) will be blinded as to what gloves were used. However a weakness is acknowledged in that the patient may inform the assessing clinician and by so doing inject a risk of bias. To reduce the effect of other variables, ECP practise and equipment is standardised (Health Professions Council, 2010). All wound closure by the ECPs will comply with the most recent evidence based practise (NHS Clinical Knowledge Summaries, 2010). All cleaning materials, local anaesthetics and equipment are identical county wide, ensuring equality. Only mono-filament suture material will be used (no silks). Acknowledgement is given to the following variables over which this trial has no control: Individual client hygiene, poor compliance with wound care advice, further trauma to wound site post repair. The trial will be run over a six month period and utilise cluster randomisation by geographical area. For three months, sterile gloves will be used by ECPs in the west of the county whilst the east ECPs will use clean nonsterile gloves. At the three month point this will be reversed with west ECPs using clean nonsterile gloves and east ECPs using sterile gloves. Data will be collected by RW at the end of each week. Sampling: Randomised from the population area (east / west). Randomisation is automatic due to the nature of calls; assistance only being sought when needed by the public, therefore the study has no control over and cannot affect bias of patient, place, time etc. Only those calls attended by ECPs and deemed suitable for suture closure will be included. Limits: Inclusion: Patients over 18 years of age, who have sustained an acute, simple traumatic laceration which is less than six hours old requiring primary closure with simple, interrupted sutures. Exclusion: Patients with the following Very dirty / Tetanus prone wounds, immunocompromised, immunosuppressed, concomitant antibiotic use, deep wounds requiring layered suturing to eliminate dead space, puncture wounds, bite wounds (animal or human), any wound where there is suspicion of retained foreign body or damage to underlying structures, diabetes, wounds over 6 hours old. Data Collection: Data will be collected via post in the form of two clinician completed multi choice questionnaires at 3 days and at removal of sutures (ROS). The first interval gives a reasonable healing time for wound review and early identification of infection if present (patient safety). The second time interval was chosen as patients will need to re-present for this procedure and it gives reasonable opportunity for infection, dehiscence or other problems if present, to be apparent and acted upon as necessary. RW will be the dedicated researcher for collection of questionnaires, data analysis and telephone follow-up, (thus reducing response loss and attrition of data) at no cost to the trial. Patients will be supplied with 2 copies of the questionnaire as part of their discharge advice pack to facilitate continuity should they re-present at an earlier time for any reason, or at another facility. If the forms are not returned, telephone follow up will be done. As the patient should attend for wound review regardless of this research, completion of the questionnaire will cause minimal impact on clinician time, with little interference to departmental workloads. Questionnaires are designed to be simple and rapid to complete. All questionnaires will be supplied with a self-adhesive stamped self addressed envelope for ease of return. It is recognised that a limitation of this study is non return of questionnaires for whatever reason; this will be factored into the final statistical analysis. As it is impossible to blind the clinician as to whether the gloves are sterile or nonsterile in this trial, their input into it will be limited to indicating on the ECP form (See appendix 2) which group the patient fits into; A for sterile glove use, B for clean nonsterile. Randomisation and selection bias through allocation is avoided by the unpredictable nature of the emergency and unplanned workload covered by the clinicians (ECPs). This should help increase validity of findings (Bowling, 2009). As the division of the Ambulance service utilised for this trial is already divided into east and west areas, this will be used to control the intervention by allocation of sterile or nonsterile gloves. Initially, the west ECPs will use only sterile gloves for suturing wounds, with the east ECPs using clean nonsterile gloves. At the half way point in the trial, the researcher will reverse this. This allocation of gloves gives a reasonable control group from both sides of the county and acknowledges differences in individual ECP procedure, geography, demographics etc. Ethics: The four point biomedical ethics framework suggested by Beauchamp Childress (2001) has been considered in the design of this trial. This trial recognises autonomy for both patient and practitioner by seeking informed consent from participants. It promotes beneficence through its attempt to treat patients expeditiously, to high standards, without prejudice; and non-maleficence by reassuring participants that their data with be kept confidential. Justice is assured by equality of treatment for each participant. Ethical approval for the research will need to be sought from both the Ambulance service Clinical Review Group and University Ethics Committees prior to starting the research process. The researcher will be responsible for ensuring that the participants welfare is maintained. Consent will be sought by the attending ECP. Kimmel (2007) acknowledges that participants should come to no harm psychologically, physically or socially. By strict adherence to wound care guidelines (cleansing, dressing etc) in the acute assessment and treatment phase, and due regard for the patient during follow-up, this should be addressed. Consent: Prior to the study, education of ECPs through a micro-teach session (a 5 minute presentation) and poster campaign for those who cannot attend will be carried out. The ECPs will be asked if they will partake in the trial; there will be no expectation on them to do so and their inclusion will be purely voluntary. Informed consent will be sought from all patients although acknowledgement is given to the fact that the patient will be presenting in a post injury phase; they may be distressed, in pain and anxious. All patients participating in the trial will have a clear explanation given to them prior to discharge to ensure they fully understand their role and right to leave the trial at any point. Confidentiality: All data for publication, dissemination or public review will be purely statistical and numerical, having no personal details of the participants; there will be no breach of confidentiality. Participant safety: All prior research has concluded that there is statistically no difference in rate of infection when comparing glove use, adding support to the argument that there is little risk to the patient (Bodiwala, Worral, and Perelman). All gloves used will be latex free, reducing any risks of latex allergy / sensitivity to patient and clinician alike. All participants will have the opportunity to withdraw at any phase of the trial. Data Analysis and discussion: Data will be presented in a 22 contingency table (See appendix 4). As the research question is looking for a possible relationship between two variables, a bivariate statistical analysis will be used (See appendix 4). Specialist advice will be sought for the analysis of the statistical data. It is hoped that response rates will be very high as the respondent will be a medical professional (not the patient), the questionnaire is very short and straightforward, and is supplied with a self adhesive, stamped self addressed envelope. This scenario is similar to Perelamans experiment which achieved a 98% response. The patient, by the very nature of their injury, will need to attend for follow up / ROS. Calnan et al (2005) suggest a response rate of approximately 56% when reliant on the patient. Timeline: Year 2011 Initiate experiment 1st April Data collection Continuous and ongoing (RW) Complete fieldwork by 1st September Complete analysis by 1st October Give presentation on 8th October Complete final report by 1st November Conclusion: Sterile technique is generally used for laceration repair despite a lack of scientific evidence that this is necessary (Wilson, 2003). This study addresses whether there is a difference in the infection rate of lacerations randomised to receive repair using sterile versus nonsterile gloves. This will help to increase knowledge on the evidence of infection rates when nonsterile gloves are used. It is apparent that could it be proven that there is little evidence to support the continued use of sterile gloves; this could reflect a significant cost saving for the NHS (see appendix 5). This may change clinical practise in the future. References / Bibliography: Allan, M.G. (2009) Lacerations: Sterile Gloves Water? Tools for Practice. June 1, 2009. Beauchamp, T.L. Childress, J.F. ( 2001) Principles of Biomedical Ethics. New York: Oxford University Press. Bodiwala, G.G., George, T.K. (1982) Surgical Gloves During Wound Repair In The Accident And Emergency Department. The Lancet: July 10, 1982. pp 91-92. Bowling, A. (2009) Research Methods in Health (3rd ed), Maidenhead: Open University Press. Calnan, M., Wainwright, D., ONeill, C., Winterbottom, A. Watkins, A. (2005) Lay evaluation of health care: the case of upper limb pain. Health Expectations. 8(2):149-160. Dealey, C. (2005) The Care of Wounds (3rd ed). Oxford: Blackwell. Department of Health (2005) Taking Healthcare to the Patient: Transforming NHS Ambulance Services [online] Available at http://www.dh.gov.uk/en/Publicationsandstatistics/Publications/PublicationsPolicyAndGuidance/DH_4114269 Accessed 24/10/10. Durham C. Hines, S.E. (2001) Laceration assessment and management. Patient Care for the Nurse Practitioner. Jun; 4 (6): 17-20, 23. Flores, A. (2008) Sterile versus non-sterile glove use and aseptic technique. Nursing Standard. 23 (6) 35-39. Forsch,  R..  (2008). Essentials of Skin Laceration Repair.  American Family Physician.  78(8),  945-51.   Grava-Gubins, I., Scott, S. (2008) Effects of various methodologic strategies: survey response rates among Canadian physicians and physicians-in-training. Canadian Family Physician. Oct;54(10):1424-30. Hampton, S. (2003) Nurses inappropriate use of gloves in caring for patients. British Journal of Nursing 12(17):1024-7. Health Professions Council (2010) Standards of Proficiency. [Online] Available at http://www.hpc-uk.org/assets/documents/1000051CStandards_of_Proficiency_Paramedics.pdf Accessed 13/11/10 Jadad, A.R., Cepeda, M. (2000) Ten challenges at the intersection of clinical research, evidence-based medicine and pain relief. Annals of Emergency Medicine 2000;36:247-52. Kimmel A.J. (2007) Ethical Issues in Behavioural Research: Basic and applied Perspectives (2nd ed). Oxford: Blackwell. Lewith, G. Little, P. (2009) Randomised Controlled Trials in Saks, M. Allsop, J. (2009) Researching Health: Qualitative, Quanatitative and Mixed Methods. London: Sage. p 225. Medical Research Council (2010) Data Sharing Initiative: Aims. [Online] Available at www.mrc.ac.uk Accessed 09/11/10. Moscati, R.M., Reardon, R.F., Lerner, E.B., Mayrose, J. (1998) Wound irrigation with tap water. American Academy of Emergency Medicine. 1998; 5(11): 1076-80. National Health Service: Accident and Emergency Attendances in England (Experimental Statistics) 2008-09. Hospital Episode Statistics [online] Available at http://www.ic.nhs.uk/webfiles/publications/AandE/AandE0809/AE_Attendances_in_England%20_experimental_statistics_%202008_09_v2.pdf Accessed 24/10/10. National Health Service (2010) Clinical Knowledge Summaries: Lacerations Management. [Online] Available at http://www.cks.nhs.uk/lacerations/management Accessed 11/11/10. Parahoo, K. (2006) Nursing Research: Principles, Process and Issues. (2nd ed.) London: Palgrave-Macmillan. Perelman, V., Francis, G.J., Rutledge, T., Foote, J., Martino, F., Dranitsaris, G. (2004) Sterile versus Nonsterile Gloves for Repair of Uncomplicated Lacerations on the Emergency Department: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Annals of Emergency Medicine. 2004; 43(3): 362-370. Polit, D.F. Beck, C.T. (2004) Nursing research: Principles and methods. (7th ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott, Williams Wilkins. Pratt, R.J., Pellowe, C.M., Wilson, J.A., Loveday, H.P., Harper, P.J., Jones, S.R.L.J., McDougall, C., Wilcox, M.H. (2007) epic2: National evidence-based guidelines for preventing healthcare-associated infections in NHS hospitals in England. Journal of Hospital Infections 65(Supplement): S1S64. Royal Mail [Online] available at http://www.royalmail.com Accessed 11/11/10. Rubin, H. Rubin, I. (2005) Qualitative Interviewing: The Art of Hearing Data (2nd ed.) London: Sage. Trott, A.T.(2005) Wounds and Lacerations: Emergency Care and Closure (3rd ed.) USA: Mosby. Wilson, J. (2003) Infection Control in Clinical Practice. (2nd edn.) London: Balliere-Tindall. Worral, G.J. (1987) Repairing Skin Lacerations: Does Sterile Technique Matter? Canadian Family Physician 1987; 33:1185-1187. Appendix 1 Relevant Paper Author, date and country Patient group Study type (level of evidence) Outcomes Key results Study Weaknesses Perelman et al 2004 Canada 816 patients over the age of 1yr old with simple lacerations prospective randomised controlled trial Infection post repair Infection rate for sterile vs non-sterile gloves was 6.1% and 4.4% respectively with no significant statistical difference partially blind follow up looking for signs of infection was not standardised Appendix 2 ECP information form Questionnaire 1 ECP No: Group A / B Incident No. Name: Age M / F Contact Tel. No: Site of laceration: Number and size of sutures: Appendix 3 Follow up Questionnaire Name: Age M / F Contact Tel. No: Is there any erythema extending à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¥ 1cm from the wound? Y / N Is the wound hot to touch? Y / N Is the wound inflamed or swollen? Y / N Is there any purulent discharge? Y / N Does the patient report any increase in pain? Y / N If yes to any/all of above, is the patient systemically well? If no, refer immediately.